Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
The growing global waste problem, combined with the environmental impact of concrete production, necessitates innovative solutions to mitigate pollution, conserve resources, and enhance concrete performance. This research explores the potential of iron powder (IP) as a partial cement replacement in mortar. The study investigates the influence of iron powder on the fresh and hardened properties of mortar at seven replacement percentages: 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, and 20% by weight. A comprehensive range of tests, including setting times, air content, density, flow time, compressive strength, and flexural strength, were conducted to assess the performance of the IP-modified mortars. The incorporation of iron powder into mortar mixtures significantly affected its properties. For replacement percentages greater than 3%, a slight enhancement in workability (3%) was observed. In terms of compressive strength, optimal performance was achieved with a 5% iron powder replacement (MIP5), surpassing that of the control mortar despite an increase in air content. Further increasing the iron powder content beyond 5% resulted in a modest decrease in compressive and flexural strengths, confirming that 5% is the optimal replacement percentage. This research provides significant practical implications, offering a viable and sustainable pathway for utilizing industrial waste, reducing landfill burden, conserving natural resources, and developing greener, high-performance construction materials.
Article Details
Abdulhussein Saeed, K., Kassim, K. A., & Nur, H. (2014). Physicochemical characterization of cement treated kaolin clay. Gradevinar, 66, 513‒521. https://doi.org/10.14256/JCE.976.2013 (Crossref)
Al-Amoudi, O. S., Alshammari, A. M., Aiban, S. A., & Saleh, T. A. (2018). Volume change and microstructure of calcareous soils contaminated with sulfuric acid. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 120, 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.08.035 (Crossref)
Alshammari, A. M., Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Aiban, S. A., & Saleh, T. A. (2019). Phosphoric acid contaminated calcareous soils: Volume change and morphological properties. Powder Technology, 352, 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2019.04.039 (Crossref)
ASTM Intrenational [ASTM]. (2010). Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil (ASTM D2166). ASTM.
ASTM Intrenational [ASTM]. (2013). Standard test method for pH of soils (ASTM D4972-13). ASTM.
ASTM Intrenational Intrenational [ASTM]. (2023). Sulfate ion in water (ASTM D516). ASTM.
Aubaid, K. S. (2004). Effect of sulphuric acid on the geotechnical properties of clayey silt soil containing calcite (MSc. thesis). Civil Engineering Department, Baghdad University.
Caselles, L., Balsamo, B., Benavent, V., Trincal, V., Lahalle, H., Patapy, C., Montouillout, V., & Cyr, M. (2023). Behavior of calcined clay based geopolymers under sulfuric acid attack: Meta-illite and metakaolin. Construction and Building Materials, 363, 129889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129889 (Crossref)
Chari, C. T. S., Heimann, J. E., Rosenzweig, Z., Bennett, J. W., & Faber, K. T. (2023). Chemical transformations of 2D kaolinic clay mineral surfaces from sulfuric acid exposure. Langmuir, 39(20), 6964–6974. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00113 (Crossref)
Chen, Y., Tang, L., Sun, Y., Cheng, Z., & Gong, W. (2023). Physical–mechanical properties and microstructure degradation of acid–alkali contaminated granite residual soil. Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment, 36, 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2023.100501 (Crossref)
Gratchev, I., & Towhata, I. (2013). Stress–strain characteristics of two natural soils subjected to long-term acidic contamination. Soils and Foundations, 53(3), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.04.008 (Crossref)
Jain, S., & Jain, R. (2015). Change in engineering properties of black cotton Soil due to acid contamination. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 4(11), 256‒259. (Crossref)
Khodabandeh, M. A., Nokande, S., Besharatinezhad, A., Sadeghi, B., & Hosseini, S. M. (2020). The effect of acidic and alkaline chemical solutions on the behavior of collapsible soils. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 64(3), 939–950. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.15643 (Crossref)
Liu, H., He, J. T., Zhao, Q., & Wang, T. H. (2021). An experimental investigation on engineering properties of undisturbed loess under acid contamination. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 29845‒29858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12749-5 (Crossref)
Min, Y., Wu, J., Li, B., Zhang, M., & Zhang, J. (2023). Physicochemical and mechanical behavior of the one-part geopolymer paste exposed to hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 35(3), 04022456. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004621 (Crossref)
Mohan, S. D., & Ramesh, H. N. (2014). Effect of pH on the geotechnical properties of soil. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(3), 1–6.
Momeni, M., Bayat, M., & Ajalloeian, R. (2020). Laboratory investigation on the effects of pH-induced changes on geotechnical characteristics of clay soil. Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 17(1), 188‒196. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2020.1716084 (Crossref)
Panda, A. K., Mishra, B. G., Mishra, D. K., & Singh, R. N. (2010). Effect of sulphuric acid treatment on the physico-chemical characteristics of kaolin clay. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 363(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.04.022 (Crossref)
Prasad, C. R. V., & Reddy, P. H. P. (2016). Influence of acid contamination on morphology and mineralogy of black cotton soil. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(30), 1‒5. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i30/99190 (Crossref)
Prasad, C. R. V., Reddy, P. H. P., Murthy, V. R., & Sivapullaiah, P. V. (2018). Swelling characteristics of soils subjected to acid contamination. Soils and Foundations, 58(1), 110‒121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.11.005 (Crossref)
Shan, Y., Cai, G., Zhang, C., Wang, X., Shi, Y., & Li, J. (2023). Effects of acidic/alkaline contamination on the physical and mechanical properties of silty clay. Sustainability, 15(2), 1317. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021317 (Crossref)
Sivapullaiah, P. V., Prasad, B. G., & Allam, M. M. (2009). Effect of sulfuric acid on swelling behavior of an expansive soil. Soil & Sediment Contamination, 18(2), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320380802660289 (Crossref)
Sivapullaiah, P. V., Prasad, G. B., & Allam, M. (2008, October 1‒6). Volume change behaviour of soil influenced with sulfuric acid. The 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), Goa, India.
Sunil, B. M., Nayak, S., & Shrihari, S. S. N. A. (2006). Effect of pH on the geotechnical properties of laterite. Engineering Geology, 85(1‒2), 197‒203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.09.039 (Crossref)
Umesh, T. S., Sharma, H. D., Dinesh, S. V., Sivapullaiah, P. V., & Basim, S. C. (2011). Physico-chemical changes in soil due to sulphuric acid contamination. Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, 2011, 765‒768.
Umesha, T. S., Dinesh, S. V., & Sivapullaiah, P. V. (2012). Effects of acids on geotechnical properties of black cotton soil. International Journal of Geology, 6(3), 69‒76.
Venkataraja Mohan, S. D. & Ramesh, H. N. (2014). Effects on pH behaviour of expansive and non expansive soils contaminated with acids and alkalis. International Research of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3(6), 61‒66. (Crossref)
Wang, X., Yang, B., Jin, L., Zhang, Z., & Xu, X. (2020). Management and fractal analysis of desiccation cracks of soils with acid contamination. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2020(1), 6678620. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6678620 (Crossref)
Downloads
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.