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Rising cement and natural aggregate prices have intensified the need for sustainable and optimized paving block mixtures incorporating industrial by-products. This study investigates the multi-response optimization of red mud and stone content in paving block production using response surface methodology (RSM). Red mud, an alkaline by-product of the bauxite refining industry, was utilized as a partial cement replacement to reduce material consumption and environmental impact. The objective was to determine the optimal proportions that satisfy the performance requirements of SNI 03-0691-1996. An RSM-based experimental design evaluated the interactive effects of red mud substitution (0–20% by cement weight) and stone proportion on compressive strength, bulk density, water absorption, and abrasion resistance. Specimens were produced using portland composite cement, sand, stone, water, and pre-treated red mud. Regression models and response surface plots were developed for prediction and optimization. Results indicate that approximately 18.79% red mud replacement with an optimized aggregate proportion yields the best overall performance. The optimized mix achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 22.91 MPa, satisfying SNI class B criteria, while demonstrating reduced water absorption and abrasion loss. This study introduces a statistically robust multi-response RSM approach for sustainable paving block mix design.
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- Aryanto, Erwin SUTANDAR, Joewono PRASETIJO, The influence of quartz powder addition on the production of paving blocks , Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences (SREES): Vol. 34 No. 3 (2025)
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