Modeling of trihalomethane compounds formation in Baghdad water supply network

Main Article Content

Salam H. Ewaid
Bassam F. Al-Farhani
Salwan A. Abed
Nadhir Al-Ansari


Keywords : trihalomethane, Baghdad, Tigris river, modeling
Abstract
This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of four trihalomethane compounds (THMs) in raw, treated, and drinking water of seven water purification plants and the residential neighborhoods nearby in Baghdad. About 350 samples gathered between January and October 2017 and analyzed by the gas chromatography method. Results showed that THM annual levels in tap water ranged between 12 and 97.3 µg·l–1 in winter and summer consecutively, with a mean concentration of 60 µg·l–1, these concentrations did not exceed the level recommended by the WHO and the Iraqi standards. Statistical modeling by SPSS software for the formation of THM (the dependent factor) in the water supply network was undertaken using the measured water quality parameters (as independent factors) and utilizing multiple regression analysis. The model obtained has a high correlation (r = 0.842) and approved that the most affecting parameters on THM formation are total organic carbon, temperature, turbidity, total solids, and chlorine dose. The model that was derived may be used for the purposes of choosing appropriate THM-reduction procedures and the use of chlorine for improving the method of disinfection.

Article Details

How to Cite
Ewaid, S. H., Al-Farhani, B. F., Abed, S. A., & Al-Ansari, N. (2020). Modeling of trihalomethane compounds formation in Baghdad water supply network. Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences (SREES), 29(2), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2020.29.2.12
References

Abdel Halim, N.H. (2013). The fate of natural organic matter and formation of disinfection byproducts in a conventional water treatment plant (master’s thesis, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt).

Abdullah, M., Yew, C., & Ramli, M. (2003). Formation, modeling, and validation of THMs in Malaysian drinking water: a case study in the districts of Tampin, Negeri Sembilan and Sabak Bernam, Selangor, Malaysia. Water Resources, 37(19), 4637-4644.

American Public Health Association [APHA] (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington: APHA.

Barbooti, M., Bolzoni, G., Mirza, I., Pelosi, M., Barilli, L., Kadhum, R. & Peterlongo, G. (2010). Evaluation of quality of drinking water from Baghdad, Iraq. Science World Journal, 5(2), 35-46.

Baribeau, H., Boulos, L., Haileselassie, H., Crozes, G., Singer, P.C., Nichols, C., Schlesinger, S.A., Gullick, R.W., Williams, S.L., Williams, R.L., Fountleroy, L., Andrews, S.A. & Moffat, E. (2006). Formation and decay of DBP in the distribution system. Denver, CO: AWWA and IWA Publishing.

Burnham, G., Lafta, R., Doocy, S. & Roberts, L. (2006). Mortality after the invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey. Lancet, 368, 1421-1428.

Chowdhury, S. (2009). Modeling trihalomethane formation in drinking water with application to risk-based decision-making (PhD thesis, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada).

Chowdhury, S., Champagne, P. & McLellan, P.J. (2009). Models for predicting disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in drinking waters: a chronological review. Science of the Total Environment, 407(14), 4189-4206.

Chowdhury, S., Rodriguez, M.J. & Serodes, J. (2010). Model development for predicting changes in DBP exposure concentrations during indoor handling of tap water. Science of the Total Environment, 408(20), 4733-4743.

Central Statistical Organization [CSO] (2013). Iraq environmental statistics report for the year 2012. Baghdad: The Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Planning.

Di Cristo, C., Esposito, G. & Leopardi, A. (2013). Modeling trihalomethanes formation in water supply systems. Environmental Technology, 34(1-4), 61-70.

Ewaid, S.H., Rabee, A.M. & Al-Naseri, S.K. (2018). Carcinogenic risk assessment of trihalomethanes in major drinking water sources of Baghdad City. Water Resources, 45(5), 803-812.

Erispaha, A. (2011). Modeling of trihalomethane formation based on the consensus of existing empirical models (master’s thesis, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA).

IBM Corporation (2012). SPSS Statistics for Windows. Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.

Nikolaou, A.D., Golfinopoulos, S.K., Arhonditsis, G.B., Kolovoyiannis, V. & Lekkas, T.D. (2004). Modeling the formation of chlorination by-products in river waters with different quality. Chemosphere, 55, 409-420.

Nikolaou, A.D. & Lekkas, T.D. (2001). The role of natural organic matter during the formation of chlorination by-products: a review. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica, 29(2-3), 63-77.

Ristoiu, D., Gunten, U. von, Mocan, A., Chira, R., Siegfried, B., Kovacs, M. & Vancea, S. (2009). Trihalomethane formation during water disinfection in four water supplies in the Somes river basin in Romania. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16(1), 55-65.

Rodriguez, M.J. & Serodes, J.B. (2005). Laboratory-scale chlorination to estimate the levels of halogenated DBPs in full-scale distribution systems. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 110(1-3), 323-340.

Rook, J.J. (1974). Formation of haloforms during chlorination of natural waters. Water Treatment Examination, 23, 234-243.

Singer, P.C., Weinberg, H.S., Brophy, K., Liang, L., Roberts, M. Grisstede, I., Krasner, S., Baribeau, H., Arora, H. & Najm, I. (2002). Relative dominance of HAAs and THMs in treated drinking water. Denver, CO: AWWA.

Sohn, J., Gate, D. & Amy, G. (2001). Monitoring and modeling of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 70(1-2), 211-222.

Stow, C.A., Reckhow, K.H. & Qian, S.S. (2006). A Bayesian approach to 362 retransformation bias in transformed regression. Ecology, 87(6), 1472-1477.

Toroz, I. & Uyak, V. (2005). Seasonal variations of THMs in water distribution networks of Istanbul city. Desalination, 176(1-3), 127-141.

Uyak, V., Toroz, I. & Meric, S. (2005). Monitoring and modeling of THMs for a water treatment plant in Istanbul. Desalination, 176(1-3), 91-101.

Ye, B., Wang, W., Yang, L., Wei, J. & Xueli, E. (2009). Factors influencing disinfection by-products formation in drinking water of six cities in China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 171(1-3), 147-152.

Statistics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Recommend Articles