Simple method to improve the TCXDVN 306:2004 indoor climate standard for closed office workplaces in Vietnam

Main Article Content

Pham T. H. Ha
Nguyen T. Hoa
Pham T. Binh


Keywords : thermal comfort, artificial indoor environment, standard indoor climatic parameters, office workplace, energy efficient building, Vietnam
Abstract
Thermal comfort is an important parameter of indoor climate, which affects office worker health and productivity, and also aids planning for energy efficient building design and operation. To provide satisfactory thermal comfort in office workplaces under hot and humid outdoor conditions, most contemporary office buildings in Vietnam are fitted with ducted air-conditioning systems. The current Vietnamese standard TCXDVN 306:2004 for indoor climate was derived from thermal comfort research conducted between the 1960s and 1980s. This standard is limited by various drawbacks, including no distinction between natural or artificial environments. In response, this 2018 research provides physical measurements and opinion surveys of current indoor climatic conditions in representative office workplaces in three regions of Vietnam: North, Central and South. The measurement results have been transformed into ET, PMV and PPD indicators, which value demonstrate the shortcomings of the TCXDVN 306:2004 standard, while providing a baseline input for updating this standard to meet the thermal comfort needs of air-conditioned office workplaces, based on the concept of probability comfort, which are integral with the ISO and the ASHRAE standard.

Article Details

How to Cite
Ha, P. T. H., Hoa, N. T., & Binh, P. T. (2021). Simple method to improve the TCXDVN 306:2004 indoor climate standard for closed office workplaces in Vietnam. Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences (SREES), 30(1), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.1.11
References

American National Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- -Conditioning Engineers [ANSI/ASHRAE] (2017). Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy (ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2017). Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

Anh, N.H. (1984). Bioclimate diagram applied in the design of dwelling house. In Proceedings of Vietnam-Sweden Symposium: Vietnam Building Climatology. Hanoi (pp. B33-B41) [unpublished].

Bakhtiari, H., Akander, J. & Cehlin, M. (2020). Evaluation of thermal comfort in a historic building refurbished to an office building with modernized HVAC systems. Advances in Building Energy Research, 14(2), 218-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2019.1604428

British Standards Institution [BSI] (2019). Energy performance of buildings. Part 1: Ventilation for buildings. Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics. Module M1-6 (BS EN 16798-1:2019). London: British Standards Institution.

Budaiwi, I.M. (2006). An approach to investigate and remedy thermal-comfort problems in buildings. Building and Environment, 42(5), 2124-2131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.03.010

Con, N.H. (1985). Climatic, Architecture and Human. Hanoi: Science and Technology Publisher.

Dang, P.N. (1981). Climatic fundamentals of architectural design. Hanoi: Science and Technology Publisher.

De Vecchi, R.D., Candido, C., Dear, R. de, Lamberts, R. (2017). Thermal comfort in office buildings: Findings from a field study in mixed-mode and fully-air conditioning environments under humid subtropical conditions. Building and Environment, 123, 672-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.07.029

Dear, R.J. de & Brager, G.S. (2002). Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings: revisions to ASHRAE Standard 55. Energy and Buildings, 34(6), 549-561.

Dear, R. de, Brager, G. & Cooper, D. (1997). Developing and adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference (final report ASHRAE RP-884). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers/Macquarie Research.

Dung, N.H. (1995). Discussions of human thermal comfort in Vietnam. In F. Nicol, M. Humphreys, O. Sykes, S. Roaf (eds.), Standards for Thermal Comfort: Indoor air temperatures for the 21st century (pp. 143-148). London: E & FN Spon.

Dung, N.H.N. & Kien, N.T. (2019). Recommendations for the design of an energy-efficient and indoor comfortable office building in Vietnam. In E. Motoasca, A. Agarwal, H. Breesch (eds.), Energy Sustainability in Built and Urban Environments. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability (pp. 67-90). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3284-5_4

Fanger, P.O. (1970). Thermal comfort: analysis and applications in environmental engineering. Vanloese: Danish Technical Press.

Houghten, F.C. & Yaglou, C.P. (1923). Determination of the comfort zone. Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, 29, 165-176.

Huong, N.T. (2001). Report on research project “Initially assessing the factors which can cause the SBS disease in the offices in Vietnam and proposing solutions to improve the working environment”. Hanoi [unpublished].

International Organization for Standardization [ISO] (2005). Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria (ISO 7730-2005). Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.

Khanh, N.Q. (2011). Report on research project “Investigating and assessing the indoor environment quality of the working environment and the health of workers in office buildings. Proposing solutions” [unpublished].

Klepeis, N.E., Nelson, W.C., Ott, W.R., Robinson, J.P., Tsang, A.M., Switzer, P., Behar, J.V., Hern, S.C. & Engelmann, W.H. (2001). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 11(3), 231-252. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500165

Ministry of Construction of Vietnam (2004). Nhà và công trình công c ng – Các thông s vi khí h u trong phòng [Dwelling and public buildings – Parameters for micro-climates in the rooms] (TCXDVN 306:2004). Hanoi: Ministry of Construction of Vietnam [transl. from Vietnamese].

Nasrollahi, N., Knight, I. & Jones, P. (2008). Workplace satisfaction and thermal comfort in air conditioned office buildings: Findings from a summer survey and field experiments in Iran. Indoor and Built Environment, 17(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X07086945

Nguyen, P.D. (2002). Report on research project „Building databank for architectural design in tropical climate” [unpublished].

Nguyen, A.T., Singh, M.K. & Reiter, S. (2012). An adaptive thermal comfort model for hot humid south-east Asia. Building and Environ-ment, 56, 291-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.03.021

Nguyen, N.T.Q. & Tran, T.C. (2017). Assessing the thermal comfort in non-air conditioned classrooms in Ho Chi Minh City. Science and Technology Development Journal – Natural Sciences, 1(T4), 232-240. https://doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v1iT4.473

Phong, D.N., Uyen, L.T., Lanh, N.N., Anh, N.H. (1984). Impacts of hot and humid climate on youths in residential buildings, physio- -biologically considered. In Proceedings of Vietnam-Sweden Symposium: Vietnam Building Climatology. Hanoi (pp. C32-C43) [unpublished].

Simons, B., Koranteng, C., Adinyira, E. & Ayarkwa, J. (2014). An assessment of thermal comfort in multi storey office buildings in Ghana. Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research, 2(1), 30-38. https:// doi.org/10.4236/jbcpr.2014.21003

Standartinform (1996). Zdaniya zhilyye i obshchestvennyye. Parametry mikroklimata v pomeshcheniyakh [Residential and public buildings. Microclimate parameters for indoor enclosures] (GOST 30494-1996). Moskva: FHUP Standartinform [transl. from Russian].

Szabo, J. & Kajtar, L. (2018). Thermal comfort analysis in office buildings with different air-conditioning systems. International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering, 9(1), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.1556/1848.2018.9.1.8

Szokolay, S.V. (2004). Introduction to architectural science: the basis of sustainable design. Oxford: Architectural Press.

Tao, P., Li, A., Qiu, G. & Zhang, J. (2014). Field measurement, survey and evaluation on indoor thermal environments in typical office buildings. In A. Li, Y. Zhu, Y. Li (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (pp. 77-86). Berlin: Springer.

Tartarini, F., Schiavon, S., Cheung, T. & Hoyt, T. (2020). CBE Thermal Comfort Tool: online tool for thermal comfort calculations and visualizations. SoftwareX 12, 100563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2020.100563

Thiem, T.H. (1984). The comfortable microclimate parameters in hot humid conditions. In Proceedings of Vietnam-Sweden Symposium: Vietnam Building Climatology. Hanoi (pp. C21-C26) [unpublished].

Tuan, N.A, Dung, L.T.K. & Vinh, P.T. (2016). Assessment the indoor environmental quality in low-income apartments in Danang in the summer. Journal of Architectural and Building Sciences, 23, 20-24.

Tuan, N.A. & Le, T.K. (2015). Thermal comfort in some naturally-ventilated lecture halls. Journal of Science and Technology – Danang University, 1, 84-88.

Remove American National Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- -Conditioning Engineers [ANSI/ASHRAE] (2017). Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy (ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2017). Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

Anh, N.H. (1984). Bioclimate diagram applied in the design of dwelling house. In Proceedings of Vietnam-Sweden Symposium: Vietnam Building Climatology. Hanoi (pp. B33-B41) [unpublished].

Bakhtiari, H., Akander, J. & Cehlin, M. (2020). Evaluation of thermal comfort in a historic building refurbished to an office building with modernized HVAC systems. Advances in Building Energy Research, 14(2), 218-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2019.1604428

British Standards Institution [BSI] (2019). Energy performance of buildings. Part 1: Ventilation for buildings. Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics. Module M1-6 (BS EN 16798-1:2019). London: British Standards Institution.

Budaiwi, I.M. (2006). An approach to investigate and remedy thermal-comfort problems in buildings. Building and Environment, 42(5), 2124-2131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.03.010

Con, N.H. (1985). Climatic, Architecture and Human. Hanoi: Science and Technology Publisher.

Dang, P.N. (1981). Climatic fundamentals of architectural design. Hanoi: Science and Technology Publisher.

De Vecchi, R.D., Candido, C., Dear, R. de, Lamberts, R. (2017). Thermal comfort in office buildings: Findings from a field study in mixed-mode and fully-air conditioning environments under humid subtropical conditions. Building and Environment, 123, 672-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.07.029

Dear, R.J. de & Brager, G.S. (2002). Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings: revisions to ASHRAE Standard 55. Energy and Buildings, 34(6), 549-561.

Dear, R. de, Brager, G. & Cooper, D. (1997). Developing and adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference (final report ASHRAE RP-884). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers/Macquarie Research.

Dung, N.H. (1995). Discussions of human thermal comfort in Vietnam. In F. Nicol, M. Humphreys, O. Sykes, S. Roaf (eds.), Standards for Thermal Comfort: Indoor air temperatures for the 21st century (pp. 143-148). London: E & FN Spon.

Dung, N.H.N. & Kien, N.T. (2019). Recommendations for the design of an energy-efficient and indoor comfortable office building in Vietnam. In E. Motoasca, A. Agarwal, H. Breesch (eds.), Energy Sustainability in Built and Urban Environments. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability (pp. 67-90). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3284-5_4

Fanger, P.O. (1970). Thermal comfort: analysis and applications in environmental engineering. Vanloese: Danish Technical Press.

Houghten, F.C. & Yaglou, C.P. (1923). Determination of the comfort zone. Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, 29, 165-176.

Huong, N.T. (2001). Report on research project “Initially assessing the factors which can cause the SBS disease in the offices in Vietnam and proposing solutions to improve the working environment”. Hanoi [unpublished].

International Organization for Standardization [ISO] (2005). Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria (ISO 7730-2005). Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.

Khanh, N.Q. (2011). Report on research project “Investigating and assessing the indoor environment quality of the working environment and the health of workers in office buildings. Proposing solutions” [unpublished].

Klepeis, N.E., Nelson, W.C., Ott, W.R., Robinson, J.P., Tsang, A.M., Switzer, P., Behar, J.V., Hern, S.C. & Engelmann, W.H. (2001). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 11(3), 231-252. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500165

Ministry of Construction of Vietnam (2004). Nhà và công trình công c ng – Các thông s vi khí h u trong phòng [Dwelling and public buildings – Parameters for micro-climates in the rooms] (TCXDVN 306:2004). Hanoi: Ministry of Construction of Vietnam [transl. from Vietnamese].

Nasrollahi, N., Knight, I. & Jones, P. (2008). Workplace satisfaction and thermal comfort in air conditioned office buildings: Findings from a summer survey and field experiments in Iran. Indoor and Built Environment, 17(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X07086945

Nguyen, P.D. (2002). Report on research project „Building databank for architectural design in tropical climate” [unpublished].

Nguyen, A.T., Singh, M.K. & Reiter, S. (2012). An adaptive thermal comfort model for hot humid south-east Asia. Building and Environ-ment, 56, 291-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.03.021

Nguyen, N.T.Q. & Tran, T.C. (2017). Assessing the thermal comfort in non-air conditioned classrooms in Ho Chi Minh City. Science and Technology Development Journal – Natural Sciences, 1(T4), 232-240. https://doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v1iT4.473

Phong, D.N., Uyen, L.T., Lanh, N.N., Anh, N.H. (1984). Impacts of hot and humid climate on youths in residential buildings, physio- -biologically considered. In Proceedings of Vietnam-Sweden Symposium: Vietnam Building Climatology. Hanoi (pp. C32-C43) [unpublished].

Simons, B., Koranteng, C., Adinyira, E. & Ayarkwa, J. (2014). An assessment of thermal comfort in multi storey office buildings in Ghana. Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research, 2(1), 30-38. https:// doi.org/10.4236/jbcpr.2014.21003

Standartinform (1996). Zdaniya zhilyye i obshchestvennyye. Parametry mikroklimata v pomeshcheniyakh [Residential and public buildings. Microclimate parameters for indoor enclosures] (GOST 30494-1996). Moskva: FHUP Standartinform [transl. from Russian].

Szabo, J. & Kajtar, L. (2018). Thermal comfort analysis in office buildings with different air-conditioning systems. International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering, 9(1), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.1556/1848.2018.9.1.8

Szokolay, S.V. (2004). Introduction to architectural science: the basis of sustainable design. Oxford: Architectural Press.

Tao, P., Li, A., Qiu, G. & Zhang, J. (2014). Field measurement, survey and evaluation on indoor thermal environments in typical office buildings. In A. Li, Y. Zhu, Y. Li (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (pp. 77-86). Berlin: Springer.

Tartarini, F., Schiavon, S., Cheung, T. & Hoyt, T. (2020). CBE Thermal Comfort Tool: online tool for thermal comfort calculations and visualizations. SoftwareX 12, 100563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2020.100563

Thiem, T.H. (1984). The comfortable microclimate parameters in hot humid conditions. In Proceedings of Vietnam-Sweden Symposium: Vietnam Building Climatology. Hanoi (pp. C21-C26) [unpublished].

Tuan, N.A, Dung, L.T.K. & Vinh, P.T. (2016). Assessment the indoor environmental quality in low-income apartments in Danang in the summer. Journal of Architectural and Building Sciences, 23, 20-24.

Tuan, N.A. & Le, T.K. (2015). Thermal comfort in some naturally-ventilated lecture halls. Journal of Science and Technology – Danang University, 1, 84-88.

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