Assessment of Lower Zab river water quality using both Canadian Water Quality Index Method and NSF Water Quality Index Method

Sarah M. Ahmed; Omer M.E. Taha; Mohamed A. Najemalden; Rehab T. Ahmed; Ali A. Abedulwahab

doi:10.22630/PNIKS.2020.29.2.14

PDF

Published:

Mar 30, 2020

Issue

Vol. 29 No. 2 (2020)

Section

Original papers

CitedBy/Share

Sarah M. Ahmed

University of Kirkuk, Environmental Research, Unit 36013, Kirkuk, Iraq

Omer M.E. Taha

University of Kirkuk, Department of Civil Engineering, 36013, Kirkuk, Iraq

Mohamed A. Najemalden

Iraqi Ministry of Health and Environment

Rehab T. Ahmed

Iraqi Ministry of Health and Environment

Ali A. Abedulwahab

Iraqi Ministry of Health and Environment

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2020.29.2.14

Keywords : NSF Water Quality Index, Canadian Water Quality Index, Lower Zab river, physicochemical parameters, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand

Abstract

Rivers are considered the most important sources of surface water on Earth. They are play a significant role in all human activities and the quality of river water is needed. Therefore, the importance of the water quality index is arising through providing data base about quality of the water source, and explain the change in the water quality over a period of time continually. This study involved determination of physicochemical and biological parameters of Lower Zab river in Kirkuk city at two different points. The objectives of the study are to assess the present water quality, through analysis of some selected water quality parameters like pH, TDS, BOD, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, EC, alkalinity, and salinity etc. and to compare the results with the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment and National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Indices. Raw water samples were collected from the Lower Zab river twice a month by one sample every 15 days from each station. The water quality data include 16 different parameters. Tests were carried out following the American Public Health Association standard methods. The results show that all parameters values were within the standards of drinking water proposed by the CCME standards and Iraqi standards or the World Health Organization standards for drinking purpose, except turbidity, DO, nitrate, calcium, which were mostly higher than the standards and sometimes BOD and potassium. The results of WQI showed that the water quality at LZ3 station is lower than LZ2 station due to the polluting activity of the Lower Zab river. Furthermore, for the years 2014, 2015, and 2016, the water quality was degraded due to the ISIS war. Also, it was noted in the 2013 year that the water quality degraded more in fall and winter seasons due to that the earth has exposed to the long-dried season and then suddenly exposed to a high rainfall season which in turns leads to increase some parameters very high (i.e. turbidity). Finally, the Lower Zab river water cannot be use for drinking directly. However, a pretreatment is needed before the drinking use.

How to Cite

Ahmed, S. M., Taha, O. M., Najemalden, M. A., Ahmed, R. T., & Abedulwahab, A. A. (2020). Assessment of Lower Zab river water quality using both Canadian Water Quality Index Method and NSF Water Quality Index Method. Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences (SREES), 29(2), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2020.29.2.14

References

Akoto, O. & Adiyiah, J. (2007). Chemical analysis of drinking water from some communities in the Brong Ahafo region. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 4(2), 211-214.

Al-Adawi, M.S. (2005). Water supply engineering. Alexandria: Alexandaria University Engineering College.

Alam, Md.J.B., Islam, M.R., Muyen, Z., Mamun, M. & Islam, S. (2007). Water quality parameters along rivers. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 4(1), 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03325974

Al-Ansari, N. (2016). Hydro-politics of the Tigris and Euphrates basins. Engineering, 8(3), 140-172. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2016.83015

Al-Heety, E.A.M., Turki, A.M. & Al-Othman, E.M. (2011). Assessment of the water quality index of Euphrates river between Heet and Ramadi cities, Iraq. International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 11(6), 38-47.

Al-Mutairi, N., Abahussain, A. & El-Battay, A. (2014). Application of Water Quality Index to assess the environmental quality of Kuwait Bay. In AABES-2014: International Confer ence on Advances in Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Sciences. Dubai, UAE, 15-16.10.2014. Dubai: AABES-2014.

Alobaidy, A.H.M.J, Abid, H.S. & Maulood, B.K. (2010). Application of Water Quality Index for assessment of Dokan lake ecosystem, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2(9), 792-798. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2010.29093

Ameen, H.A. (2019). Spring water quality assessment using water quality index in villages of Barwari Bala, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Applied Water Science, 9(8), 176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1080-z

American Public Health Association [APHA] (1995). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 19th ed. New York: APHA.

Aydin, A. (2007). The microbiological and physico-chemical quality of groundwater in West Thrace, Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16(3), 377-383.

Bangladesh Center for Advance Studies [BCAS] (2000). Pollution study, management of aquatic ecosystem through community husbandry (MACH). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Center for Advance Studies.

Batabyal, A.K. & Chakraborty, S. (2015). Hydrogeochemistry and Water Quality Index in the assessment of groundwater quality for drinking uses. Water Environment Research, 87(7), 607-617. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143015x14212658613956

Brown, R.M., McClelland, N.I., Deininger, R.A. & Tozer, R.G. (1970). A water quality index: do we dare? Water and Sewage Works, 117, 339-343.

Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment [CCME] (2001). Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: CCME Water Quality Index 1.0. User’s Manual. Winnipeg: CCME.

Chang, H. (2005). Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in the Han river and its tributaries, Seoul, Korea, 1993–2002. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 161(1), 267-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-4286-7

Damo, R. & Icka, P. (2013). Evaluation of Water Quality Index for drinking water. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22(4), 1045-1051.

Davie, T. & Quinn, N.W. (2019). Fundamentals of hydrology. Abingdon: Routledge.

De, A.K. (2003). Environmental chemistry. New Delhi: New Age International.

Ebuete, A.W. & Ebuete, I.Y. (2018). Water quality of Kolo Creek in Bayelsa State by means of Water Quality Index for missing parameters. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies, 5(8), 53-60.

Eulisse, E. (2010). Challenges in water resources management. Venezia, Italy: Marie Curie Training Course.

Ewaid, S.H. & Abed, S.A. (2017). Water quality index for Al-Gharraf river, southern Iraq. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 43(2), 117-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2017.03.001

Ewaid, S.H., Abed, S.A. & Kadhum, S.A. (2018). Predicting the Tigris river water quality within Baghdad, Iraq by using water quality index and regression analysis. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 11, 390-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.06.013

Frenken, K. (2009). Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures. Rome: FAO Water Reports.

Fulazzaky, M.A. (2009). Water quality evaluation system to assess the Brantas river water. Water Resources Management, 23(14), 3019-3033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9421-6

Glińska-Lewczuk, K. (2006). Effect of land use and lake presence on chemical diversity of the Łyna river system. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(2), 259-269.

Gupta, N., Pandey, P. & Hussain, J. (2017). Effect of physicochemical and biological parameters on the quality of river water of Narmada, Madhya Pradesh, India. Water Science, 31(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2017.03.002

Gupta, P., Vishvakarma, M. & Rawtani, P.M. (2009). Assesment of water quality parameters of Kerwa Dam for drinking suitability. International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences, 1(2), 53-55.

Horton, R.K. (1965). An index number system for rating water quality. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 37(3), 300-305.

House, M.A. & Ellis, J.B. (1987). The development of water quality indices for operational management. Water Science and Technology, 19(9), 145-154. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0076

IQS 417 (2009). Iraqi criteria and standards for drinking water, chemical limits. In ICS 13.060.20. Drinking water.

Jabar, R.A.A. (2008). Effects of some physical and chemical factors of Lower Zab water on Tigris river. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 13(1), 132-142.

Kašiarová, S. & Feszterová, M. (2010). Changes in stream water contamination in select Slovakian settlements. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19(2), 343-349.

Kassim, T.I., Sabri, A.W. & Salman, M.S. (2007). The limnological effects of river lesser-Zab on Tigris river, Iraq. Um-Salama Science Journal, 4(3), 452-457.

Khan, A.A., Paterson, R. & Khan, H. (2004). Modification and application of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) for the communication of drinking water quality data in Newfoundland and Labrador. Water Quality Research Journal, 39(3), 285-293. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.039

Khan, A.A., Tobin, A., Paterson, R., Khan, H. & Warren, R. (2005). Application of CCME procedures for deriving site-specific water quality guidelines for the CCME Water Quality Index. Water Quality Research Journal, 40(4), 448-456. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2005.047

Khan, H., Khan, A.A. & Hall, S. (2005). The Canadian Water Quality Index: a tool for water resources management. In MTERM International Conference. Bangkok, Thailand, 6-10.06.2005. Thailand. Bangkok: AIT.

Kliot, N. (2005). Water resources and conflict in the Middle East. Abington: Routledge.

Kumar, D. & Alappat, B.J. (2009). NSF-Water Quality Index: does it represent the experts’ opinion? Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, 13(1), 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-025X(2009)13:1(75)

Kumari, B.L., Sudhakar, P., Sri, M.H. & Sree, K.P.N.V.S. (2011). Analysis of physicochemical parameters of water quality in and around Saltpans of Prakasam (Dt.) A.P. Journal of Ecobiotechnology, 3(10), 1-6.

Lumb, A., Halliwell, D. & Sharma, T. (2006). Application of CCME Water Quality Index to monitor water quality: a case study of the Mackenzie river basin, Canada. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 113(1), 411-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-9092-6

Mahagamage, M.G.Y.L. & Manage, P.M. (2014). Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) based assessment study of water quality in Kelani river basin, Sri Lanka. The 1st Environment and Natural Resources International Conference. Bangkok, Thailand, 6-7.11.2014.

Mena-Rivera, L., Salgado-Silva, V., Benavides-Benavides, C., Coto-Campos, J.M. & Swinscoe, T.H.A. (2017). Spatial and seasonal surface water quality assessment in a tropical urban catchment: Burío River, Costa Rica. Water, 9(8), 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080558

Michalski, R. & Kurzyca, I. (2006). Determination of nitrogen species (nitrate, nitrite and ammonia ions) in environmental samples by ion chromatography. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(1), 5-18.

Munna, Md.G., Chowdhury, M., Ahmed, A.A., Chowdhury, S. & Alom, Md.M. (2013). A Canadian Water Quality Guideline-Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) based assessment study of water quality in Surma river. Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, 4(3), 81-89. https://doi.org/10.5897/JCECT12.074

Nas, S.S., Bayram, A., Nas, E. & Bulut, V.N. (2008). Effects of some water quality parameters on the dissolved oxygen balance of streams. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 17(4), 531-538.

Nollet, L.M.L. (ed.) (2004). Handbook of water analysis. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Ott, W.R. (1978). Water Quality Index. A survey of indices used in the United States. Washington: Environmental Protection Agency.

Panduranga Murthy, G., & Hosmani, S.P. (2009). Water Quality Index (WQI) to evaluate surface water quality for protection of aquatic life: a case study: Bherya Lake, Mysore, Karnataka State, India. 13th World Lake Conference. Wuhan, China, 01-05.11.2009.

Phadatare, S.S. & Gawande, S. (2016). Review paper on development of Water Quality Index. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research, 5(5), 765-767.

Rabee, A.M., Abdul-Kareem, B.M. & Al-Dhamin, A.S. (2011). Seasonal variations of some ecological parameters in Tigris river water at Baghdad Region, Iraq. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 3(4), 262-267.

Rajankar, P.N., Gulhane, S.R., Tambekar, D.H., Ramteke, D.S. & Wate, S.R. (2009). Water quality assessment of groundwater resources in Nagpur Region (India) Based on WQI. E-Journal of Chemistry, 6(3), 905-908. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/971242

Reza, R. & Singh, G. (2010). Assessment of ground water quality status by using Water Quality Index Method in Orissa, India. World Applied Sciences Journal, 9(12), 1392-1397.

Saeedrashed, Y. & Guven, A. (2013). Estimation of geomorphological parameters of lower Zab river-basin by using GIS-based remotely sensed image. Journal of Water Resource Management, 27(1), 209-2019.

Schultz, M.T. (2001). A critique of EPA’s index of watershed indicators. Journal of Environmental Management, 62(4), 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2001.0451

Shahin, M. (2007). Water resources and hydrometeorology of the Arab Region. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Shiklomanov, I. (1993). World fresh water resources. In P. Gleick (ed.), Water in crisis: a guide to the world’s fresh water resources (pp. 13-24). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Srivastava, G. & Kumar, P.R. (2013). Water Quality Index with missing parameters. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2(4), 609-614. https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2013.0204035

Turner, R.E. & Rabalais, N.N. (2003). Linking landscape and water quality in the Mississippi river basin for 200 years. BioScience, 53(6), 563-572. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0563:LLAWQI]2.0.CO;2

Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P. & Dobhal, R. (2013). Water quality assessment in terms of Water Quality Index. American Journal of Water Resources, 1(3), 34-38.

Verma, S.R., Sharma, P., Tyagi, A., Rani, S., Gupta, A.K. & Dalela, R.C. (1984). Pollution and saprobic status of Eastern Kalinadi. Limnologia (Berlin), 15, 69-133.

Witek, Z. & Jarosiewicz, A. (2009). Long-term changes in nutrient status of river water. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 18(6), 1177-1184.

World Health Organization [WHO] (2001). WHO World Water Day Report. Geneva: WHO.

World Health Organization [WHO] (2017). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva: WHO.

Yang, Y.S. & Wang, L. (2010). Catchment-scale vulnerability assessment of groundwater pollution from diffuse sources using the DRASTIC method: a case study. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 55(7), 1206-1216. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2010.508872

Statistics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Recommend Articles

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Article Sidebar

Main Article Content

Article Details

Downloads