Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Extreme rainfall is one of the environmental hazards with disastrous effects on the human environment. Water resources management is very vulnerable to any changes in rainfall intensities. A spatiotemporal analysis is essential for study the impact of climate change and variability on extreme rainfall. In this study, daily rainfall data for 36 meteorological stations in Iraq during 1981–2017 were used to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of 10 extreme rainfall indices using RClimDex package. These indices were classified into two categories: rainfall total (PRCPTOT, SDII, R95p, R99p, RX1day, and RX5day) and rainfall days (CDD, CWD, R10, and R20). Depending on the mean annual precipitation data, the study area was divided into three climatic zones to examine the time series features of those 10 indices. Results showed a tendency to increase in precipitation toward the northwestern part of Iraq, and more than 70% of stations achieved a positive trend for most indices. The most frequent negative trend appeared in eight stations distributed in the western and southern parts of Iraq, namely (Heet, Haditha, Anah, Rutba, Qaim, Nukheb, Najaf, and Fao). A significant positive trend appeared obviously in PRCPTOT and R95p with a rate of 0.1–4.6 and 0.5–2.7 mm per year, respectively. The most significant rate of change was noticed in regions one and two (northern and middle parts of Iraq), particularly for PRCPTOT and R95p 3.26 and 2.45 mm per day, respectively. Only the northern and eastern regions of Iraq experienced a high probability of significant extreme rainfall.
Article Details
Adeeb, H.Q. & Al-Timimi, Y.K. (2019). GIS techniques for mapping of wind speed over Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 50(6), 1621-1629.
Al-Ahmadi, K. & Al-Ahmadi, S. (2013). Rainfall-altitude relationship in Saudi Arabia. Advances in Meteorology, 2013, 363029. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/363029
Alexander, L.V., Zhang, X., Peterson, T.C., Caesar, J., Gleason, B., Klein Tank, A.M.G., Haylock, M., Collins, D., Trewin, B., Rahimzadeh, F., Tagipour, A., Rupa Kumar, K., Revadekar, J., Griffiths, G., Vincent, L., Stephenson, D.B., Burn, Aguilar, E., Brunet, M., Taylor, M., New, M., Zhai, P., Rusticucci, M. & Vazquez-Aguirre, J.L. (2006). Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation. Journal 234 A.M. Al-Lami, Y.K. Al-Timimi, H.K.A. Al-Shamarti of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111(D5), 1-22.
Alijani, B., O’Brien, J. & Yarnal, B. (2008). Spatial analysis of precipitation intensity and concentration in Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 94(1), 107-124.
Al-Lami, A.M., Al-Timimi, Y.K. & Al-Salihi, A.M. (2014). The homogeneity analysis of rainfall time series for selected meteorological stations in Iraq. Diyala Journal for Pure Science, 10(2), 60-77.
Al-Nassar, A.R., Pelegrí, J.L., Sangrà, P., Alarcon, M. & Jansa, A. (2020). Cut-off low systems over Iraq: Contribution to annual precipitation and synoptic analysis of extreme events. International Journal of Climatology, 40(2), 908-926.
Al-Shamarti, H.K., Manji, O.B. & Albw Jbianah, M.I.K. (2019). Using monthly rainfall data to estimate rainfall erosivity factor of Iraq. Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 28(3), 444-454.
Asadieh, B. & Krakauer, N.Y. (2015). Global trends in extreme precipitation: climate models versus observations. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19(2), 877-891.
Balling, R.C., Keikhosravi Kiany, M.S., Sen Roy, S. & Khoshhal, J. (2016). Trends in extreme precipitation indices in Iran: 1951–2007. Advances in Meteorology, 2016, 2456809. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2456809
Bartolomeu, S., Carvalho, M.J., Marta-Almeida, M., Melo-Gonçalves, P. & Rocha, A. (2016). Recent trends of extreme precipitation indices in the Iberian Peninsula using observations and WRF model results. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 94, 10-21.
Dai, A. (2006). Recent climatology, variability, and trends in global surface humidity. Journal of Climate, 19(15), 3589-3606.
Ding, Z., Lu, R. & Wang, Y. (2019). Spatiotemporal variations in extreme precipitation and their potential driving factors in non-monsoon regions of China during 1961-2017. Environmental Research Letters, 14(2), 024005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf2ec
Dos Santos, C.A.C., Brito, J.I., de, Júnior, C.H.D.S. & Dantas, L.G. (2012). Trends in precipitation extremes over the northern part of Brazil from Era40 dataset. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física, 5(4), 836-851.
Forestieri, A., Arnone, E., Blenkinsop, S., Candela, A., Fowler, H. & Noto, L.V. (2018). The impact of climate change on extreme precipitation in Sicily, Italy. Hydrological Processes, 32(3), 332-348.
Gado, T.A., El-Hagrsy, R.M. & Rashwan, I.M.H. (2019). Spatial and temporal rainfall changes in Egypt. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(27), 28228-28242.
Hassan, A.S., Zeki, K.N. & Salih, N.S. (2018). Determination the quantity of extreme rainfall and calculation of the climatology mean for Baghdad City. Iraqi Journal of Science, 95(1B), 447-455.
Kenyon, J. & Hegerl, G.C. (2008). Influence of modes of climate variability on global temperature extremes. Journal of Climate, 21(15), 3872-3889.
Knapp, A.K., Beier, C., Briske, D.D., Classen, A.T., Luo, Y., Reichstein, M., Smith, M.D. & Weng, E. (2008). Consequences of more extreme precipitation regimes for terrestrial ecosystems. Bioscience, 58(9), 811-821.
Lee, J.H., Lee, J.H. & Julien, P.Y. (2018). Global climate teleconnection with rainfall erosivity in South Korea. Catena, 167, 28-43.
Li, X. & Hu, Q. (2019). Spatiotemporal changes in extreme precipitation and its dependence on topography over the Poyang Lake Basin, China. Advances in Meteorology, 2019, 253932. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1253932
Lovino, M., García, N.O. & Baethgen, W. (2014). Spatiotemporal analysis of extreme precipitation events in the Northeast region of Argentina (NEA). Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 2, 140-158.
Parracho, A.C., Melo-Gonçalves, P. & Rocha, A. (2016). Regionalisation of precipitation for the Iberian Peninsula and climate change. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 94, 146-154.
Salman, S.A., Shahid, S., Ismail, T., Rahman, N.B.A., Wang, X. & Chung, E.S. (2018). Unidirectional trends in daily rainfall extremes of Iraq. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 134(3), 1165-1177.
Seneviratne, S., Pal, J., Eltahir, E. & Schär, C. (2002). Summer dryness in a warmer climate: a process study with a regional climate model. Climate Dynamics, 20(1), 69-85.
Sensoy, S., Türkoğlu, N., Akçakaya, A., Ekici, M., Demircan, M., Ulupinar, Y., Atay, H., Tüvan, A. & Demirbaş, H. (2013). Trends in Turkey climate indices from 1960 to 2010. In 6th International Atmospheric Science Symposium – ATMOS2013. Book of Proceedings. Istanbul: Istanbul Technical University. Retrieved from http://212.174.109.9/ FILES/genel/makale/19_trendsin-turkey. pdf [access 24.06.2020].
Song, L., Chen, M., Gao, F., Cheng, C., Chen, M., Yang, L. & Wang, Y. (2019). Elevation influence on rainfall and a parameterization algorithm in the Beijing area. Journal of Meteorological Research, 33(6), 1143-1156.
Subba, S., Ma, Y. & Ma, W. (2019). Spatial and temporal analysis of precipitation extremities of Eastern Nepal in the last two decades (1997-2016). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(14), 7523-7539.
Tan, M.L., Ibrahim, A.L., Cracknell, A.P. & Yusop, Z. (2017). Changes in precipitation extremes over the Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia. International Journal of Climatology, 37(10), 3780-3797.
Tongal, H. (2019). Spatiotemporal analysis of precipitation and extreme indices in the Antalya Basin, Turkey. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 138(3), 1735-1754.
Xiong, J., Yong, Z., Wang, Z., Cheng, W., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Ye, Ch. & Yang, Y. (2019). Spatial and temporal patterns of the extreme precipitation across the Tibetan Plateau (1986–2015). Water, 11(7), 1453. https://doi. org/10.3390/w11071453
Zhang, X. & Yang, F. (2004). RClimDex (1.0). User Manual. Ottawa (ON): Climate Research Branch Environment Canada
Downloads
- Haneen Q. Adeeb, Yaseen K. Al-Timimi, Change on detection of vegetation cover and soil salinity using GIS technique in Diyala Governorate, Iraq , Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences (SREES): Vol. 30 No. 1 (2021)
- Al-Zahraa A. Mohsen, Monim H. Al-Jiboori, Yaseen K. Al-Timimi, Estimation of roughness and zero-displacement heights over Baghdad utilizing remote sensing and GIS techniques , Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences (SREES): Vol. 30 No. 1 (2021)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.