Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
One of the most dangerous field problems in the civil engineering discipline is the suddenly developed cracks in the building, which could be caused by the swelling of the subsurface soil. Thus, this work has focused on employing a procedure in the geographic information system known as the inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique, to analyze the extent of cracks in a residential complex in the city of Kirkuk in Iraq using the physical and chemical soil data for seven boreholes from the field of the study. Physical soil parameters such as liquid limit (LL), gravel, sand, silt and clay percentages were characterized first, followed by chemical properties such as gypsum content (GYP), total suspended solids (TSS), potential of hydrogen (pH), and organic content (ORG). Furthermore, statistical studies such as plasticity index (PI) and soil characteristics association, linear single, and various linear multi-regression models were used. The data analysis shows that there are significantly positive and negative relationships between PI as a swelling indicator and the physical and chemical soil properties, although weak to moderate correlations were observed between PI and these variables. The PI values were accurately predicted by the proposed linear multi-regression models of the physical and integrated physical and chemical soil characteristics, with multiple R values of 0.92 for both models. As a result, the suggested statistical models can provide complete geographic and mechanical explanations for the crack sources in the investigated residential complex.
Article Details
Addiscott, T. M. (1993). Simulation modelling and soil behaviour. Geoderma, 60 (1–4), 15–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(93)90016-E (Crossref)
Billah, M. M. (2018). Mapping and monitoring erosion-accretion in an alluvial river using satellite imagery – the river bank changes of the Padma river in Bangladesh. Quaestiones Geographicae, 37 (3), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2018-0027 (Crossref)
Cantillo, V., Market, V. & Bird, C. (2017). Empirical correlations for the swelling pressure of expansive clays in the city of Barranquilla, Colombia. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 21 (1), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v21n1.60226 (Crossref)
Matarira, D., Mutanga, O. & Dube, T. (2021). Landscape scale land degradation mapping in the semi-arid areas of the Save catchment, Zimbabwe. South African Geographical Journal, 103 (2), 183–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1717588 (Crossref)
Mohsin, S. & Lone, M. A. (2021). Modeling of reference evapotranspiration for temperate Kashmir Valley using linear regression. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 7, 495–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00921-8 (Crossref)
Olmo, J. C., Guervos, R. C. & Rocha, I. M. (2019). The spatial effects of violent political events on mortality in countries of Africa. South African Geographical Journal, 101 (3), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2019.1612770 (Crossref)
Omar, N. Q. & Raheem, A. M. (2016). Determining the suitability trends for settlement based on multi criteria in Kirkuk, Iraq. Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards, 1 (10), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40965-016-0011-2 (Crossref)
Omer, M., Shanableh, A., Mughieda, O., Arab, M., Zeiada, W. & Al-Ruzouq, R. (2018). Advanced mathematical models and their comparison to predict compaction properties of fine-grained soils from various physical properties. Soils and Foundations, 58 (6), 1383–1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.08.004 (Crossref)
Ouabo, R. E., Sangodoyin, A. Y. & Ogundiran, M. B. (2020). Assessment of ordinary Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting methods for modeling Chromium and Cadmium soil pollution in E-Waste sites in Douala, Cameroon. Journal of Health and Pollution, 10 (26), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.26.200605 (Crossref)
Pentos, K., Mbah, J. T., Pieczarka, K., Niedbała, G. & Wojciechowski, T. (2022). Evaluation of multiple linear regression and machine learning approaches to predict soil compaction and shear stress based on electrical parameters. Applied Sciences, 12 (17), 8791. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178791 (Crossref)
Raheem, A. M. & Omar, N. Q. (2021). Investigation of distinctive physico-chemical soil correlations for Kirkuk city using spatial analysis technique incorporated with statistical modeling. International Journal of Geo-Engineering, 12 (18), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-021-00147-2 (Crossref)
Raheem, A. M., Naser, I. J., Ibrahim, M. O. & Omar, N. Q. (2023). Inverse distance weighted (IDW) and kriging approaches integrated with linear single and multi-regression models to assess particular physico-consolidation soil properties for Kirkuk city. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2023, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01730-5 (Crossref)
Raheem, A. M., Omar, N. Q., Naser, I. J. & Ibrahim, M. O. (2022). GIS implementation and statistical analysis for significant characteristics of Kirkuk soil. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 31 (1), 691–700. https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0073 (Crossref)
Salahalden, V. F., Shareef, M. A. & Al Nuaimy, Q. A. M. (2023). Characterization of the Chemical Properties of Deposited Red Clay Soil Using GIS Based Inverse Distance Weighted Method in Kirkuk City, Iraq. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 24 (7), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/169571 (Crossref)
Zijl, G. (2019). Digital soil mapping approaches to address real world problems in southern Africa. Geoderma, 337 (1), 1301–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.07.052 (Crossref)
Downloads
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.